孛儿只斤·旭烈兀：西亚征服的巨轮
在世界历史上公认的四大盛世中，孛儿只斤·旭烈兀是蒙古帝国的一个闪耀星辉。他的征服活动不仅改变了西亚的版图，还影响了该地区各宗教、教派的力量对比，牵连之广，遍及欧亚各地乃至非洲。
早年出征
旭烈兀是成吉思汗第四子拖雷的第五子，与蒙哥、忽必烈同为拖雷正妻唆鲁合贴尼所生。他自幼练就一身武艺，在成吉思汗对子孙“天下土地广阔河流众多，你们尽可以各自尽情去扩大自己的领地”的鼓舞下，他也获得了很多实践机会。18岁那年，他随堂兄拔都远征，横贯东欧大草原，一直打到了今匈牙利境内。在与匈牙利马札尔人的战争中，他与速不台分兵五路，大败马札尔军队于都宁河。这次西征对年轻的旭烈兀意义重大，使他积累了实践经验和资本。
统治伊斯兰世界
1252年，怯的不花为先锋率1.2万人先行西征。第二年，旭烈兀率主力军出发渡过阿姆河，从此离开了生他养他的蒙古大草原，也离开了蒙古贵族之间的勾心斗角，到一片全新的天地去开拓他的世界。他首当其冲的是里海以南的亦思马因派穆斯林宗教国——木剌夷国，这一派别曾因企图组织刺客刺杀蒙哥，而同蒙古人结下了深仇大恨。旭烈兀分三路大军进攻，并亲率中路军很快就攻陷了教主忽儿沙城堡。此战后，该派别从此就在历史上消失。
接着遭殃的是巴格达阿拉伯阿拔斯王朝哈里发。这一次哈里发谟斯塔辛对旭烈兀态度十分傲慢，这使他成了末代哈里发。旭烈全先用决堤放水淹没哈里发主力军和统帅，再以围城战迫使哈里发弃城出降。一场历史上罕见的大展开了一场浩劫，让数十万居民死于非命，有着500年的文化积累城市遭受毁灭性的破坏而且被纵马踏死。
重要战役
巴格达之战
1257年，旭烈兀和他麾下的郭侃率领的大将抵达巴格达时向巴格达哈里的穆斯台绥木劝降，但遭拒绝。当时已传36代历经508年的阿拔斯王朝最终在这次战斗中覆灭，其最后一个皇帝被杀害。
叙利亚之战
元宪宗九年（1259）九月，元军大将provantals in the Syrian campaigns, led by his brother Hulagu Khan, who had been appointed as the supreme commander of the Mongol forces in the Middle East. The Mongols were victorious in their attacks on Syria and captured many important cities, including Aleppo and Damascus.
Patronage of Buddhism and Christianity
Despite being a Muslim himself, Proviantals was known to patronize both Buddhism and Christianity. He built several Buddhist temples in his capital city Maragheh, Iran, which became centers of Buddhist learning and culture.
Legacy
Proviantals died on February 8, 1265 at Maragheh. His death marked the end of an era for the Mongol Empire's expansion into Western Asia. He was succeeded by his son Abaqa Khan who continued to rule over Persia (modern-day Iran) with great success.
The legacy of Proviantals is complex and multifaceted. On one hand he was responsible for significant destruction and loss of life during his conquests but on other hand he also brought about cultural exchange between different civilizations like Islamic world & European world .
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